China's stock market tumbled this week despite a massive government intervention aimed at halting a slide in prices that began last month.
At its peak in early June, the Shanghai Composite Index had risen about 150 percent from late 2014.
After dropping 30 percent over several weeks, government support measures calmed the market.
But on Monday the sell-off resumed, with the Shanghai index suffering a drop of 8.5 percent, its biggest daily fall since February 2007. Here's what the sell-off means for China's economy and other countries.
How concerned are ordinary Chinese?
Gyrating stock prices are a popular topic of tea break chatter, but only a minority of Chinese are directly affected. The market boom prompted millions of novice investors to pile into the market. But even with the new additions, a survey by Southwestern University of Finance found the share of households that participate in the market still stood at just 8.8 percent in the second quarter of this year. That is well below the one-third or more of households in the United States and other Western markets that own stocks.
Who are the biggest winners and losers?
Winners included small companies in technology, auto parts and other industries that caught investor attention with an early price surge and enjoyed more gains as more speculators piled in. Sugon Information Industry Ltd., a manufacturer of computer equipment, was the biggest gainer on the Shanghai exchange, with shares up 270 percent from Nov. 1 through Tuesday. No. 2 was Ue Furniture Co., a maker of high-tech office chairs, up 240 percent. State-owned construction companies rose after Beijing announced initiatives to expand trade links with neighboring Asian economies — plans that are expected to lead to multibillion-dollar spending on infrastructure. Other winners include securities firms, which received a flood of money from trading fees and interest on loans to buy shares. Prices rose so much that losses for the biggest decliners were modest. Among the biggest losers was Xiamen Overseas Chinese Electronic Co., a maker of TV sets, off 27 percent.
Does it mean China's economy is collapsing?
China's stock market has little direct connection to its economy. Since trading began in 1990, the mainland's two exchanges in Shanghai and the southern city of Shenzhen have been used mostly to raise money for state companies. Regulators have eased access for private companies but the exchanges still are dominated by state industry. In this government-dominated system, investors react more to changes in regulation and the availability of credit to finance trading and less to economic fundamentals. That can mean share prices move in the opposite direction from economic performance. The explosive rise over the past year came as manufacturing and other economic indicators declined.
How has the Chinese government intervened?
Beijing has unleashed a barrage of measures stop the market slide. They include a threat to prosecute short-sellers, canceling initial public offerings of stock and prohibiting major shareholders from selling their stakes for six months. The government mandated its main pension fund for civil servants to invest up to 30 percent of its assets in stocks, or up to 900 billion yuan ($145 billion). Brokerages in the state-dominated securities industry increased the size of their stock-buying fund to 260 billion yuan ($42 billion). And Central Huijin Investment Ltd., a unit of China's $750 billion sovereign wealth fund, said it would avoid selling any Chinese shares.
Does it affect the rest of the world?
China keeps its financial markets largely sealed off from global capital flows. But due to the size of its economy, traders abroad watch Chinese markets closely and react to dramatic changes. Beginning in 2002, Beijing allowed a handful of foreign fund managers to buy Chinese shares under rules that limit short-term trading. Foreign access increased with the November 17 launch of a program that allows foreign investors to buy mainland shares through Hong Kong brokers. The Shanghai-Hong Kong Stock Connect limits foreigners to buying 568 mainly blue chip stocks on the Shanghai exchange, or about half the companies traded there. Those restrictions mean money cannot flow quickly into or out of the Chinese market. But lurches in Chinese share prices have triggered selloffs in markets abroad.
Will China's economy suffer?
China got little "wealth effect" on the way up, and analysts say the impact on the way down also should be limited. Shareholders who sold before prices peaked made windfall profits. But the rise was too brief to goose consumer spending at a time when economic growth is slowing. One notable effect: The bulge in revenue for securities firms was so big that it helped to offset weakness in other industries and keep economic growth at an unexpectedly strong 7 percent for second quarter. Brokers have been ordered to tighten control over lending to finance trading, which is expected to limit the financial impact on the state-owned finance industry if traders are unable to repay them. "With only a small and relatively wealthy portion of Chinese households exposed to the stock market, we aren't particularly concerned," said Julian Evans-Pritchard of Capital Economics in a report. "Given that the stock market didn't provide any noticeable boost to spending on the way up, there is no reason to expect it to be a drag on the way down."
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